Understand Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Diagnosis & Management

February 2025

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and stiffness. Unlike osteoarthritis, RA occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissues.

Over time, this chronic inflammation may lead to joint damage and affect overall mobility.

Prevalence and Impact on Joint Health

RA is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, affecting approximately 1% of the global population. It is more prevalent in women than in men and can develop at any age, although it most commonly appears between the ages of 30 and 60.

The condition primarily targets small joints in the hands, wrists, and feet, but as it progresses, larger joints and even organs can be affected. Without proper management, RA can lead to joint deformity, reduced mobility, and a significant impact on daily activities and quality of life.

Recognising Key Symptoms of RA

RA symptoms often develop gradually and may vary in severity. The most common signs include:

• Joint Swelling and Tenderness – Persistent inflammation causes swelling, making joints feel warm and painful.

• Stiffness, especially in the morning – Many people with RA experience morning stiffness lasting more than an hour, which distinguishes it from other types of arthritis.

• Fatigue and Weakness – Chronic inflammation can lead to extreme tiredness, even when well rested.

• Symmetrical Joint Pain – RA typically affects both sides of the body (for example, both wrists or knees).

• Flare-Ups and Remissions – Symptoms may worsen periodically (flare-ups) before improving for a time.

Early detection is important in preventing long-term joint damage and complications.

Understanding Risk Factors for RA

Several factors can contribute to the development of RA, including:

• Genetics – Family history plays a role, increasing the likelihood of developing RA.

• Environmental Triggers – Exposure to pollutants, smoking, or infections may trigger RA in people who have a family history of the condition.

• Lifestyle Influences – Smoking, obesity, and poor diet may increase inflammation and disease severity.

• Hormonal Factors – RA is more common in women, suggesting hormonal changes may influence its onset.

How is RA Diagnosed?

Since RA symptoms can resemble other conditions, a thorough medical evaluation is necessary for an accurate diagnosis. This typically involves:

• Medical History and Physical Exam – The doctor assesses symptoms, joint tenderness, and swelling.

• Blood Tests – Tests like rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP antibodies, and C-reactive protein (CRP) help identify inflammation and immune activity.

• Imaging Tests – X-rays, ultrasounds, or MRIs are used to detect joint damage and assess disease progression.

Early diagnosis allows for prompt treatment, reducing the risk of severe joint damage.

The Importance of Early Detection and Proactive Management

Starting treatment early can significantly improve outcomes for RA patients. Key benefits of early intervention include:

• Slowing Disease Progression – Medications can reduce joint inflammation and prevent irreversible damage.

• Maintaining Joint Function – Proper management helps preserve mobility and daily function.

• Enhancing Quality of Life – Pain relief, energy management, and lifestyle adjustments make everyday activities easier.

If you experience persistent joint pain, stiffness, or fatigue, consulting a rheumatologist early is essential for the best treatment plan.

Treatment Options for RA

Although RA has no cure, various treatment options can effectively manage symptoms and prevent further joint deterioration.

1. Medications

• Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) – Slow RA progression and prevent joint damage (e.g., methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine).

• Biologic Therapies – Target specific immune responses to reduce inflammation (e.g., TNF inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors).

• NSAIDs and Corticosteroids – Provide short-term pain relief and reduce swelling.

Your GP and rheumatologist can give you more information on RA medications. 

2. Physical Therapy and Lifestyle Adjustments

• Regular Exercise – Low-impact activities like swimming and yoga help maintain joint mobility.
• Physical Therapy – Strengthens muscles around affected joints to improve stability.
• Healthy Diet – Anti-inflammatory foods like fatty fish, berries, and nuts support joint health.
• Weight Management – Reducing excess weight lessens stress on joints.

3. Self-Management Strategies

• Stress Reduction – Practices like meditation and deep breathing can help manage flare-ups.

• Adequate Rest – Balancing activity with rest helps prevent overexertion.

• Joint Protection Techniques – Using assistive devices, ergonomic tools, and pacing activities can reduce strain.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex autoimmune condition that requires early diagnosis, consistent treatment, and proactive self-care. Understanding its symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options can help people take control on their joint health and improve quality of life.

If you suspect RA, seeking medical advice early is key to managing symptoms effectively and preventing long-term joint damage. With the right treatment plan, many people with RA can lead active and fulfilling lives.

 

Via the webinar recording on Understanding RA: Diagnosis and Management that was held in March 2025. 

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Sources:  

• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Arthritis information sheet. Arthritis Australia. 2007 Reviewed 2024. [cited Feb 25, 2025].
• MyRA. Arthritis Australia. Available from: https://myra.org.au/
• Australian Rheumatology Association - information about medicines and seeing a rheumatologist. Available from: www.rheumatology.org.au